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Texas Instruments TI-89 Software Guide
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T
exas Instruments Holland B.
V
.
Ruthe
r
fordweg 102
3542 CG Utrecht-The Netherlands
T
exas Instruments U.S.A.
7800 Banner D
r
.
Dallas TX. 75251
ww
w
.ti.com/cal
c
© 1997
T
exas Instruments
TI-89 / TI-92 Plus
Sierra C
™
Assembler Reference Manual,
Beta Version .02
Back
Front
Spine
5.31”
8.07”
V
ariable
spine
2
Table of Contents
Default Chapter
2
Important Information
2
Table of Contents
3
1 General Information
17
Introduction
17
Command Line Wildcard Expansion
18
Environment Variables
19
Figure 1 . 1: Partial Sierra C Directory Structure
19
Table 1 . 1: Environment Variables
19
Object File Format
20
Table 1.2: Object File Layout
21
Definitions and Conventions
22
C Language COFF File Structures
22
Physical and Virtual Addresses
22
Sections
22
File Header
23
Magic Number
23
Optional Header Size
23
Table 1.3: File Header Contents
23
Flags
24
Optional Header
24
Table 1.4: File Header Flags
24
Table 1.5: Sierra Systems Optional Header Contents
24
Section Headers
25
Table 1.6: Section Header Contents
25
Relocation Information
26
Table 1.7: Section Header Flags
26
Relocation
27
Table 1.8: Relocation Section Contents
27
Table 1.9: Relocation Types
27
Complex Relocation
28
Table 1.10: Complex Relocation Entries
28
Line Number Information
29
Table 1.11: Line Number Grouping
29
Table 1.12: Line Number Section Contents
29
Symbol Table
30
Table 1.13: COFF Symbol Table
30
Special Symbols
31
Table 1.14: Special Symbols in the Symbol Table
31
Inner Blocks
32
Table 1.15: Example Symbol Table for Functions and Nested Blocks
32
Symbols and Functions
33
Symbol Table Entries
33
Table 1.16: Symbol Table Entry
33
Storage Class
34
Symbol Names
34
Table 1.17: Storage Classes
35
Storage Classes for Special Symbols
36
Table 1.18: Storage Class of Special Symbols
36
Symbol Value Field
37
Table 1.19: Storage Class and Value
37
Section Number Field
38
Table 1.20: Section Number
38
Section Numbers and Storage Classes
39
Table 1.21: Section Number and Storage Class
39
Table 1.22: Fundamental Types
40
Type Entry
40
Table 1.23: Derived Types
41
Table 1.24: Type Entries by Storage Class
42
Type Entries and Storage Classes
42
Auxiliary Table Entries
43
Table 1.25: Auxiliary Symbol Table Entries
43
Filenames
44
Functions
44
Sections
44
Table 1.26: Auxiliary Symbol Entry for Filenames
44
Table 1.27: Auxiliary Symbol Entry for Sections
44
Beginning of Blocks and Functions
45
End of Blocks and Functions
45
Table 1.28: Auxiliary Symbol Entry for Functions
45
Arrays
46
Table 1.32: Auxiliary Symbol Entry for Tag Names
46
Tag Names
46
End of Structures
47
Names Related to Structures, Unions, and Enumerations
47
Table 1.33: Auxiliary Symbol Entry for End of Structures
47
Table 1.34: Auxiliary Symbol Entry for Structures, Unions, Enumerations
47
String Table
48
Table 1.35: Example String Table
48
2 Compiler
53
Introduction
53
Invoking the Compiler
53
Command Line Flags
53
Usage
54
Default Behavior
54
Description of Flags
55
Pragma Directives
63
Translation Limits
64
Reserved Keywords
65
ASM Keyword
65
ANSI C Keywords
65
Constants
66
Floating-Point Constants
66
Integer Constants
66
Enumeration Constants
67
Character Constants
68
Table 2.1: Escape Characters
68
Character Strings
69
Table 2.2: Character Constants
69
Types and Representations
70
Integer Types
71
Integer Representations
71
Table 2.3: Integer Types
71
Floating-Point Types
72
Figure 2.1: Internal Integer Representations
72
Floating-Point Representations
73
Figure 2.2: Internal TI BCD Floating-Point Representation
73
Enumeration Types
75
Figure 2.3: Special Internal Floating-Point Representations
75
Bit Field Description
77
Bit Field Internal Representation
78
Const Type Specifier
79
Volatile Type Specifier
80
Touch Operator
81
Void Type Specifier
81
Section 2: Compiler
81
Void Pointer (Void *)
82
Conversions
82
General Considerations
82
Integer Types
83
Floating-Point and Integer Types
83
Floating-Point Types
84
Usual Arithmetic Conversions
84
Restrictions
85
Function Calling Conventions
85
Declarations and Definitions
86
Function Prototypes
86
Old-Style Declarations
87
Mixing Prototype and Old-Style Declarations
88
Passing Argument Values
89
Accessing Parameters
90
Table 2.4: Determination of Argument Size
90
Returning Values
91
Register Usage
93
Compiler-Generated Function Calls
93
Internal Integer Arithmetic Functions
94
Table 2.5: Integer Arithmetic Functions
94
Internal Floating-Point Functions
95
Figure 2.4: Floating-Point Emulation Code Word
96
Debugging Functions
98
Sections
99
Static Storage Initialization
99
Compiler Algorithms
102
Register Allocation
102
Switch Statements
104
The C Preprocessor
105
Conditional Compilation
106
Source File Inclusion
106
Argument Substitution
108
Macro Replacement
108
Macro Redefinition
109
Rescanning and Further Replacement
109
The # Operator (Stringizing)
109
The ## Operator (Concatenation)
109
Macro Examples
110
Line and Name Control
111
Error Directive
112
Pragma Directive
112
Trigraph Sequences
112
Comment Delimiters
113
Predefined Macro Names
113
Compiler Error Messages
114
3 Assembler
141
Introduction
141
Overview
141
Prerequisite Reading
142
Notational Conventions
143
Invocation
143
Command Line Syntax
144
Command Line Flags
144
File Name Conventions
148
Environment Variables
148
Invocation Examples
149
Assembly Language
149
Overview
150
Assembler Statements
150
Statement Syntax (Asm68)
150
Statement Syntax (Asm68K)
151
Character Set
152
Sections
152
Section Types
152
Creating Sections
153
Location Counter
153
Structure Templates
153
Symbols
153
Symbol Syntax
154
Labels
155
Symbol Assignment
155
Comm and Lcomm Symbols
156
Undefined Symbols
156
Compiler Locals
157
Floating-Point Symbols
157
Constants
157
Integer Constants
157
Character Constants
158
Floating-Point Constants
160
Expressions
160
Operands
160
Operators
161
Expression Evaluation
162
Figure 3.1: Expression Evaluation
162
Instruction Set
164
Syntax
164
Instruction Sizing
164
Figure 3.2: Instruction Sizing (Asm68)
164
Instruction Optimization
165
Effective Addressing Modes
167
Overview
167
Terminology
169
Effective Address Syntax
170
Addressing Mode Selection
172
PC-Relative Coercion
172
Displacement Sizing
173
Mode Selection
174
Asm68 Assembler Directives
175
Asm68 Section Directives
176
Asm68 Symbol Directives
177
Asm68 Data/Fill Directives
178
Asm68 Control Directives
179
Asm68 Output Directives
179
Asm68 Debugging Directives
180
Asm68 Directive Reference
180
Asm68K Assembler Directives
221
Asm68K Section Directives
222
Asm68K Symbol Directives
223
Asm68K Data/Fill Directives
224
Asm68K Control Directives
225
Asm68K Output Directives
226
Asm68K Debugging Directives
226
Asm68K Directive Reference
227
Asm68K Macros
283
User-Defined Macros
283
Macro Definition
283
Macro Invocation
284
Parameters
285
Local Labels
286
MEXIT Directive
286
NARG Symbol
286
Macro Examples
287
Structured Control Macros
290
Structured Control Expressions
290
Macro Invocation
292
Structured Control Reference
292
Instruction Set Summary
301
Linker
311
Introduction
311
Link68 Inputs and Outputs
311
Options
312
Library Search Options
312
Option Flags
312
Object Files
314
Sections
314
Symbols
314
Relocation Entries
315
Relocation Hole Compression
315
Reserved Symbols
317
5 Utilities
321
Symbol Table Name Utility
321
Object File Size Utility
325
Other manuals for Texas Instruments TI-89
User Guide
77 pages
Guide Book
623 pages
Tip List
507 pages
Developer's Guide
1398 pages
Guide
35 pages
Notes
2 pages
Manual
7 pages
5
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Texas Instruments TI-89 Specifications
General
Display size (HxV)
100 x 160 mm
Memory type
639K FLASH ROM, 188K bytes RAM
Compatible operating systems
Operating System 2.09
Battery type
AAA
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