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ENGINEERING MANUAL OF
AUTOMA
TIC CONTROL
CONTROL
FUNDAMENT
ALS
1
CONTROL
SYSTEMS
FUNDMENT
ALS
10
12
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
7
Preface
5
Table of Contents
7
Control System Fundamentals
11
Control Fundamentals
13
Default Chapter
15
Definitions
15
Introduction
15
HVAC System Characteristics
18
General
18
General
19
Heating
19
Heating Equipment
20
Cooling
21
General
21
Cooling Equipment
22
Dehumidification
22
Humidification
23
Ventilation
23
Filtration
24
Control System Characteristics
25
Control Loop
25
Controlled Variables
25
Analog and Digital Control
26
Control Methods
26
General
26
Basic Two-Position Control
27
Control Modes
27
General
27
Two-Position Control
27
Timed Two-Position Control
28
Step Control
29
Floating Control
30
General
31
Proportional Control
31
Compensation Control
32
Proportional-Integral (Pi) Control
33
Enhanced Proportional-Integral-Derivative (Epid) Control
35
Proportional-Integral-Derivative (Pid) Control
35
Adaptive Control
36
Load
36
Process Characteristics
36
General
37
Lag
37
Measurement Lag
37
Capacitance
38
Control Application Guidelines
39
Dead Time
39
Resistance
39
Control System Components
40
Sensing Elements
40
Temperature Sensing Elements
40
Pressure Sensing Elements
41
Flow Sensors
42
Moisture Sensing Elements
42
Actuators
43
Controllers
43
Proof-Of-Operation Sensors
43
Transducers
43
Auxiliary Equipment
44
Characteristics and Attributes of Control Methods
45
Psychrometric Chart Fundamentals
47
Introduction
48
Definitions
48
Description of the Psychrometric Chart
49
The Abridged Psychrometric Chart
50
Examples of Air Mixing Process
52
Air Conditioning Processes
53
Heating Process
53
Humidifying Process
54
Cooling Process
54
Vaporizing Humidifier
60
Cooling and Dehumidification
61
Dehumidification and Reheat
62
ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart
63
Pneumatic Control Fundamentals
67
Table of Contents
68
Definitions
69
Introduction
69
Abbreviations
70
Basic Pneumatic Control System
71
Pilot Bleed System
72
Nozzle-Flapper Assembly
72
Feed and Bleed System
73
Signal Amplifier
73
Throttling Range Adjustment
74
Symbols
71
Air Supply Equipment
75
Air Drying Techniques
76
Pressure Reducing Valve Station
78
Thermostats
79
Controllers
80
General
80
Temperature Controllers
81
Humidity Controllers
81
Pressure Controllers
81
Sensor-Controller Systems
82
Pneumatic Controllers
82
Controller Adjustments
82
Proportional-Integral (PI) Controllers
82
Pneumatic Sensors
83
Velocity Sensor-Controller
83
Actuators and Final Control Elements
84
Actuators
84
General
84
Spring Ranges
84
Control Valves
85
Dampers
86
Relays and Switches
87
Switching Relay
87
Snap Acting Relay
88
Lockout Relay
88
High-Pressure Selector Relay
89
Low-Pressure Selector Relay
89
Load Analyzer Relay
89
Capacity Relay
90
Reversing Relay
90
Averaging Relay
90
Positive-Positioning Relay
90
Ratio Relay
91
Pneumatic Potentiometer
91
Hesitation Relay
92
Electrical Interlocking Relays
92
Electric-Pneumatic Relay
92
Pneumatic-Electric Relay
92
Electronic-Pneumatic Transducer
93
Pneumatic Switch
93
Pneumatic Control Combinations
94
Manual Positioning Switch
94
General
94
Sequence Control
95
Limit Control
95
Manual Switch Control
96
Changeover Control for Two-Pressure Supply System
97
Compensated Control System
97
Electric-Pneumatic Relay Control
97
Pneumatic-Electric Relay Control
98
Pneumatic Recycling Control
98
Pneumatic Centeralization
99
Pneumatic Centralization
99
Pneumatic Control System Example
100
Start-Stop Control Sequence
100
Supply Fan Control Sequence
102
Return Fan Control Sequence
102
Warm-Up/Heating Coil Control Sequence
102
Mixing Damper Control Sequence
103
Discharge Air Temperature Control Sequence
104
Off/Failure Mode Control Sequence
104
Electric Control Fundamentals
105
Introduction
107
Definitions
107
How Electric Control Circuits Classified
109
How Electric Control Circuits Are Classified
109
Series 40 Control Circuits
110
Application
110
Actuators
110
Controllers
110
Equipment
110
Relays
110
Control Combinations
111
High-Limit Control
111
Operation
111
Unit Heater Control
111
Series 80 Control Circuits
112
Low-Limit Control
112
Application
112
Controllers
112
Equipment
112
Operation
112
Relays and Actuators
112
Series 60 Two-Position Control Circuits
113
Control Combinations
113
Actuators
113
Application
113
Controllers
113
Equipment
113
High-Limit Control
113
Low-Limit Control
113
Operation
114
Control Combinations
115
Open-Closed Control of Damper
115
Summer/Winter Changeover Control of Athree-Way Diverting Valve
115
Two-Position Control of Steam Valve
115
Series 60 Floating Control Circuits
116
Application
116
Equipment
116
Actuators
116
Controllers
116
Operation
116
Control Combinations
116
Series 90 Control Circuits
117
Application
117
Equipment
117
Actuators
117
Controllers
117
Operation
118
Basic Bridge Circuit
118
Bridge Circuit in Balanced Condition
118
Bridge Circuit on Increase in Controlled Variable
118
Bridge Circuit Theory
118
General
118
Bridge Circuit on Decrease in Controlled Variable
119
Bridge Circuit with Limit Controls
119
Bridge Circuit with High-Limit Control
120
Bridge Circuit with Low-Limit Control
120
Control Combinations
121
High-Limit Control
121
Low-Limit Control
121
Closing the Actuator with a Manual Switch
122
Manual and Automatic Switching
122
Reversing for Heating and Cooling Control
122
Transferring Actuator Control from One Thermostat to Another
122
Two-Position Limit Control
122
Manual Minimum Positioning of Outdoor Air Damper
123
Transferring Controller from One Actuator to Another
123
Unison Control
123
Motor Control Circuits
124
Step Controllers
124
Application
124
Equipment
124
Contactors and Relays
124
Starters
124
Operation
125
Hand-Off-Auto Start-Stop Circuit
125
Momentary Start-Stop Circuit
125
Momentary Fast-Slow-Off Start-Stop Circuit
126
Control Combinations
127
Electronic Control Fundamentals
129
Introduction
130
Definitions
130
Typical System
132
Components
132
Electronic Control Fundamentals
133
Pressure Sensors
137
Output Devices
138
Electtonic Controller Fundamentals
139
Electronic Controller Fundamentals
139
Typical System Application
140
Microprocessor-Based/ DDC Fundamentals
141
Microprocessor-Based/DDC Fundamentals
141
Introduction
143
Definitions
143
Advantages
144
Computer Based Control
144
Direct Digital Control
144
Lower Cost Per Function
144
Background
144
Controller Configuration
145
Application Flexibility
145
Coordinated Multifunction Capability
145
Precise and Accurate Control
145
Reliability
145
Types of Controllers
146
Zone-Level Controller
146
System-Level Controller
146
Controller Software
147
Operating Software
147
Application Software
147
Direct Digital Control Software
147
Energy Management Software
148
Optimum Start
148
Optimum Stop
148
Enthalpy
149
Load Reset
149
Night Cycle
149
Night Purge
149
Zero Energy Band
151
Controller Programming
152
Building Management Software
152
Distributed Power Demand
152
General
152
Configuration Programming
153
Custom Control Programming
153
Data File Programming
153
Programming Categories
153
System Initialization Programming
153
Analyze Control Application
154
Determine Inputs and Outputs
154
Partition into Control Loops
154
Typical Applications
155
Debug, Install, Enter Data Files, and Test
155
Design, Write, and Compile Program
155
Example 1. VAV Cooling Only
155
Example 2. VAV Cooling with Sequenced Electric Reheat
155
Zone-Level Controller
155
System-Level Controller
156
Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
159
Definitions
161
Introduction
161
Abbreviations
163
Indoor Air Quality Concerns
164
Air Contaminants
164
Contaminant Sources
164
Outdoor Contaminant Sources
164
Building Materials and Furnishings
165
General
165
Indoor Contaminant Sources
165
Occupancy and Process Related Contaminant Sources
166
Office Building Occupancy
166
Residential Occupancy
166
Contaminant Types
167
Health Care Occupancy
167
Industrial Occupancy
167
Occupant Related Contaminant Sources
167
Particulate Contaminants
167
Gas and Vapor Contaminants
168
Radionuclide Contaminants
168
Indoor Air Contaminant Indicators
168
Building Responses to Contaminants
168
Human Responses to Contaminants
168
Design Considerations
168
Eliminating Contaminant Paths
168
Eliminating Contaminant Sources
168
General
168
Effects of Temperature
169
Gas Contaminant Remediation
169
Particulate Contaminant Remediation
169
Remediating Contaminant Levels
169
Effects of Humidity
170
Design Procedures
170
General
170
Indoor Air Quality Design Procedure
171
Ventilation Rate Design Procedure
171
Recirculation Requirements
172
Ventilation Optimization
172
Codes and Standards
172
Acceptance Testing
173
General
173
Indoor Air Quality Control Applications
174
ASHRAE Guideline 1-1989
174
General
174
Flow Tracking Control System
175
Flow Tracking System with Mixing Box Static Pressure Control
176
Rooftop Unit Control System
177
Operator Interface
177
Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
178
Graphic Displays
178
Bibliography
180
Referenced Publications
180
Related Publications
180
Smoke Management Fundamentals
181
Definitions
182
Introduction
182
Design Considerations
183
General
183
Layout of System
184
Codes and Standards
184
Objectives
183
Design Principles
185
Causes of Smoke Movement
185
Buoyancy
185
Stack Effect
185
Expansion
186
Wind Velocity
186
Hvac
187
Control of Smoke
187
Pressurization
187
Control Applications
188
Airflow
188
Purging
188
Zone Pressurization Control
189
Stairwell Pressurization Control
190
Leakage Rated Dampers
191
Control of Malls, Atria, and Large Areas
191
Acceptance Testing
191
Bibliography
192
Referenced Publications
192
Additional Related Publications
192
Building Management System Fundamentals
193
Default Chapter
193
Definitions
193
Introduction
193
Definitions
194
Introduction
194
Background
195
Introduction
195
Definitions
195
System Configurations
196
Background
196
Energy Management
196
Facilities Management Systems
196
System Configurations
197
Hardware Configuration
197
Zone-Level Controllers
197
Management-Level Processors
198
Operations-Level Processors
198
System-Level Controllers
198
Communications Protocol
198
System Functions
199
Communications Media
199
Fiber Optic
199
Peer Communications Protocol
199
Phone Lines
199
Twisted Copper Pair
199
System Functions
200
General
200
Operations-Level Functions
200
Hardware
200
Software
200
Standard Software
200
Alarm Processing
201
Communications Software
201
Reports
201
Security
201
Server
201
System Graphics
202
System Text
202
Controller Support
203
System-Level Controller Functions
200
Zone-Level Controller Functions
200
Operation
203
Specifying Graphics (I/O Summaries)
204
Building Management System Fundamentals
205
Control Graphics
206
Data Penetration
206
Integration of Other Systems
207
General
207
In-Depth Integration
207
Surface Integration
207
Control System Applications
209
Air Handling System Control Applications
211
Abbreviations
213
Introduction
213
Requirements for Effective Control
214
Applications-General
216
Valve and Damper Selection
217
Symbols
218
Ventilation Control Processes
219
Fan System Start-Stop Control
219
Fixed Quantity of Outdoor Air Control
221
Outdoor Air Fan Control for Multiple Ahu's
222
Mixed Air Control
223
Economizer Cycle Decision
225
Economizer Cycle Decision-Outdoor Air Dry Bulb Control
225
Economizer Cycle Decision-Outdoor Air Enthalpy Control
226
Economizer Cycle Decision-Outdoor Air/Return Air Enthalpy Comparison
228
Economizer Cycle Decision-Outdoor Air/Return Air Dry Bulb Temperature Comparison
229
Mixed Air Control with Economizer Cycle (Ventilation System Only)
230
Psychrometric Aspects
231
Economizer Cycle Control of Space Temperature with Supply Air Temperature Setpoint Reset
232
Heating Control Processes
233
Control from Supply Air
233
Control from Space with Supply Temperature Reset
234
Outdoor Air Temperature Reset of Supply Air Temperature
235
Space Temperature Control of Zone Mixing Dampers and Reset of Hot Deck Temperature
236
Preheat Control Processes
238
Preheat Control with Face and Bypass Dampers
238
Control from Preheat Leaving Air
240
Multiple Coil Control from Outdoor and Supply Air
241
Year-Round Heat Recovery Preheat System Control
243
Control of Modulating Humidifier
245
Humidification Control Process
245
Control of Modulating Chilled Water Coil Three-Way Valve
246
Two-Position Control of Direct Expansion Coil System
247
Two-Position Control of Direct Expansion Coil System-Modulating Face and Bypass Damper
249
Cold Deck System with Zone Damper Control
251
Cooling Control Processes
246
Dehumidification Control Processes
253
Direct Expansion or Water Coil System Control
253
Water Coil Face and Bypass System Control
254
Heating System Control Process
256
Year-Round System Control Processes
258
Space Control of Heating, Free Cooling, and Humidification
256
Heating, Cooling, and Economizer
258
Multizone Unit
260
Heating, Cooling, Humidification, and Dehumidification Control
262
Without Deadbands
262
VAV AHU, Water-Side Economizer, OA Airflow Control
265
VAV AHU with Return Fan and Flow Tracking Control
268
ASHRAE Psychrometric Charts
271
Building Airflow System Control Applications
273
Introduction
275
Definitions
275
Airflow Control Fundamentals
277
Need for Airflow Control
277
What Is Airflow Control
277
Types of Airflow Systems
277
Variable Air Volume
277
Constant Air Volume
278
Variable Versus Constant Air Volume
279
Ventilation
279
Pressurization
280
Building Pressure Balance
280
Containment Pressurization
281
Stack Effect
281
Wind Pressure Effects
281
Characteristics of Fans and Fan Laws
282
Fan Types
282
General
282
Fan Horsepower
283
Fan Laws
283
Fan Performance Terms
283
Duct System Curves
284
Fan Curve and System Curve Comparison
284
Characteristics of Airflow in Ducts
284
General
284
Pressure Changes Within a Duct
284
Effects of Fittings
286
Effects of Air Terminal Units
287
Effects of Dampers
287
Measurement of Airflow in Ducts
287
General
287
Pressure Sensors
287
Pitot Tube Sensors
289
Total and Static Pressure Sensors
289
Airflow Measuring Devices
290
Airflow Control Applications
291
Central Fan System Control
291
General
291
Supply Fan Control for VAV Systems
291
Duct Static High-Limit Control
292
Direct Building Static Control
293
Open Loop Control
293
Return Fan Control for VAV Systems
293
Airflow Tracking Control
294
Duct Static Control
294
Relief Fan Control for VAV Systems
294
Return Damper Control for VAV Systems
295
Night Purge Control
296
Other Control Modes
296
Sequencing Fan Control
296
Smoke Control
296
Warm-Up Control
296
Zone Airflow Control
296
Airflow Tracking/Space Static Pressure
296
Exhaust System Control
297
Fume Hoods
298
Multiple Fan Systems
298
Types
298
Laboratory Pressurization
300
References
302
Chiller, Boiler and Distribution System Control Applications
303
Chiller, Boiler, and Distribution System Control Applications
303
Introduction
307
Abbreviations
307
Definitions
307
Symbols
308
Chiller System Control
309
Introduction
309
Vapor-Compression Refrigeration
309
Vapor-Compression Cycle
309
Centrifugal Compressor
310
Reciprocating Compressor
311
Screw Compressor
311
Absorption Refrigeration
311
Absorption Cycle
311
Absorption Chiller
312
Chiller Control Requirements
313
Basic Chiller Control
313
Chiller/Bmcs Interface
313
Safety Controls
313
System Controls Which Influence the Chiller
313
Chilled Water Systems
314
Central Cooling Plants
314
Single Centrifugal Chiller Control
314
Single Centrifugal Chiller Control Application
315
Multiple Chiller System Control Applications
318
Dual Centrifugal Chillers Control Application
319
Equal Sized Centrifugal Chillers Control
321
Similar Multiple Centrifugal Chillers Control Applications
321
Multiple Centrifugal Chiller Sequencing
323
Dissimilar Multiple Centrifugal Chillers Control
325
Alternative Multiple Decoupled Chiller Control
325
Combination Absorption and Centrifugal Chiller System Control
325
Chiller Pump Optimization
326
Thermal Storage Control
327
Control Modes
327
General
327
Cooling Tower and Condenser Water Control
328
Cooling Tower Capacity Control
328
Cooling Tower Performance Characteristics
328
On-Off Cooling Tower Fan Control
329
Two-Speed Cooling Tower Fan Control
329
Single Cooling Tower Variable Speed Fan Control
330
Variable Speed Cooling Tower Fan Control
330
Dual Cooling Tower Variable Speed Fan Control
332
Chiller Heat Recovery System
335
Free Cooling-Tower Cooling
335
Tower Free Cooling, Dual Chillers
337
Boiler System Control
339
Introduction
339
Boiler Types
339
Cast Iron and Steel Boilers
339
Modular Boilers
339
Electric Boilers
340
Boiler Ratings and Efficiency
340
Combustion in Boilers
341
Flue Gas Analysis
341
Gas Burners
341
Oil Burners
341
Principles of Combustion
341
Boiler Controls
342
Boiler Output Control
342
Combustion Control
342
Flame Safeguard Control
342
Application of Boiler Controls
343
Flame Safeguard Instrumentation
343
Multiple Boiler Systems
344
General
344
Dual Boiler Plant Control
345
Modular Boilers
347
Hot and Chilled Water Distr I Bution Systems Contr Ol
347
Introduction
347
Classification of Water Distribution Systems
347
Typical Water Distribution System
347
Control Requirements for Water Distribution Systems
348
Centrifugal Pumps Used in Hot and Chilled Water Systems
348
Pump Performance
349
Pump Efficiency
350
Pump Performance Curves
350
Pump Power Requirements
350
Pump Affinity Laws
351
Combining System and Pump Curves
352
Matching Pumps to Water Distribution Systems
352
Plotting a System Curve
352
System Curves
352
Variable Speed Pumps
354
Multiple Pumps
355
Pumps Applied to Open Systems
355
Operation
356
Dual Pump Curves
357
Distribution System Fundamentals
357
Direct Vs Reverse Return Piping Systems
358
Coupled Vs Decoupled Piping Systems
359
Methods of Controlling Distribution Systems
360
Flow and Pressure Control Solutions
360
Three-Way Coil Bypass and Two-Way Valve Control
360
Valve Selection Factors
360
Differential Pressure Sensor Location
361
Single Pump, Pressure Bypass, Direct Return
361
Valve Location and Sizing
361
Single Pump, Pressure Bypass, Reverse Return
362
90 Percent Chiller Flow, Direct Return
364
AHU Valve High Differential Pressure Control
364
Dual Pumps, Dual Chillers, Pressure Bypass
364
Decoupled Variable Speed Pump Control, Direct Return
365
Variable Speed Pump Control
365
Pump Speed Valve Position Load Reset
367
Balancing Valve Considerations
369
Balancing Valve Effects
369
Balancing Valve Elimination
369
Differential Pressure Sensor Location Summary
369
Pump Minimum Flow Control
369
Decoupled Variable Speed Pump Control, Reverse Return
370
Hot Water Distribution Systems
370
General
370
Hot Water Converters
370
General
371
Hot Water Piping Arrangements
371
Control of Hot Water Systems
372
General
372
Modulating Flow Control
372
Primary-Secondary Pumping
372
Hot Water Converter
373
Hot Water Reset
373
Supply Hot Water Temperature Control
373
Supply Hot Water Temperature Control with Flow Control
373
Coordinating Valve Selection and System Design
376
Hot Water Control Method Selection
376
Three-Way Valve
376
Chilled Water Distribution Systems
376
General
376
Changeover Precautions
377
Control of Terminal Units
377
Dual Temperature Systems
377
Multiple-Zone Dual-Temperature Systems
377
System Objectives
377
Steam Distribution Systems and Control
378
Advantages of Steam Systems Vs Hot Water Systems
378
Introduction
378
Steam System Objectives
378
Properties of Steam
378
Steam Pressure, Temperature, and Density
379
Steam Quality
379
Steam System Heat Characteristics
379
Steam Distribution Systems
380
Steam Piping Mains
380
Steam Traps
380
Pressure Reducing Valve Station
381
One-Pipe Steam Systems
382
Two-Pipe Steam Systems
382
Types of Condensate Return Systems
382
Types of Low Pressure Steam Distribution Systems
382
Variable Vacuum Return Systems
383
Control Principles for Steam Heating Devices
384
General
384
Modulating Steam Coil Performance
384
Oversized Valve
384
Correctly Sized Valve
385
Supply and Return Main Pressures
385
System Design Considerations for Steam Coils
385
Low Temperature Protection for Steam Coils
386
High Temperature Water Heating System Control
386
Introduction
386
High Temperature Water (HTW) Heating
386
High Temperature Water Safety
387
HTW Control Selection
387
HTW Valve Selection
387
Actuators
388
Valve Body Materials
388
Valve Flow Characteristics
388
Valve Location
388
Valve Packing
388
Valve Size
388
Valve Style
388
Valve Trim
388
Instantaneous Converter Control
389
HTW Coils
390
HTW Space Heating Units
390
Storage Converters
390
HTW Steam Generators
391
Multizone Space-Heating HTW Water Converters
391
District Heating Applications
392
Introduction
392
Heat Sources
392
The Distribution Network
392
The Substation
393
Abbreviations
393
Definitions
394
Symbols
394
System Configuration
395
Booster Pump Station
395
Heat Distribution Network
395
Heat Generation
395
Hot Water Pipeline System
395
Hot Water System Control
395
Steam System Vs Hot Water System
395
Direct Heat Transfer Substations
396
Heat Transfer Substations
396
Key Points
396
Mixing Station
396
Pressure Reducing Stations
396
Indirect Heat Transfer Substations
398
Hybrid Heat Transfer Substations
399
Control Applications
400
DDC Control of High Performance Substation
400
DDC Control of a Small House Substation
402
Control of Apartment Building Substations with Domestic Hot Water
403
Hybrid Building Substation
406
Individual Room Control Applications
409
Introduction
411
Graphic Symbols
412
Abbreviations
413
Air Terminal Unit Control
413
Variable Air Volume ATU
413
Pressure-Dependent and Pressure-Independent ATU
413
Single-Duct VAV ATU
414
System Configuration
414
Throttling VAV ATU
414
Variable Air Volume ATU
415
Constant Air Volume Atus
416
Induction VAV ATU
416
Variable Air Volume ATU with Electric Reheat
416
Parallel Fan ATU
418
Series Fan ATU
418
Dual Duct Pressure Independent VAV ATU
420
Dual-Duct ATU
420
Dual Duct Pressure Independent Constant Volume ATU
421
Unitary Equipment Control
422
General
422
Natural Convection Units
422
Radiant Panels
423
Unit Heaters
423
General
423
Control
424
Down-Blow Unit Heater
424
Modulating Control
424
Two-Position Control
424
Gas- or Oil-Fired Unit Heater
425
Unit Ventilators
425
General
425
ASHRAE Control Cycles
426
Control
426
Standby/Warm-Up Stage
426
Cycle I-Fixed Maximum Percentage of Outdoor Air
427
Cycle II-Fixed Minimum Percentage of Outdoor Air
427
Cycle III-Variable Outdoor Air
428
Day/Night Setback Control
428
Digital Unit Ventilator Control
429
Blocked Airflow
432
Coil Freeze-Up
432
Power Failure
432
Precautions and Conditions for Successful Operation
432
Fan Coil Units
432
General
432
Two-Pipe Heating/Cooling
433
Two-Pipe Heating/Cooling, Single Coil
433
Four-Pipe Heating/Cooling, Single Coil
434
Four-Pipe Heating/Cooling, Split Coil
434
Heat Pumps
435
General
435
Operation
435
Control Loops
436
Individual Room Control Automation
437
Hot Water Plant Considerations
438
Valve Selection and Sizing
441
Definitions
442
Valve Components
442
Valve Flow Characteristics
442
Valve Flow Terms
443
Valve Ratings
443
Valve Types
444
Valve Material and Media
446
Introduction
442
Valve Selection
446
Globe Valve
447
Ball Valve
447
Butterfly Valve
447
Two-Way Valve
448
Quick-Opening Valve
448
Equal Percentage Valve
449
Linear Valve
449
Three-Way Valves
450
Mixing Valve
450
Diverting Valve
451
Valve Sizing
451
Water Valves
451
Quantity of Water
452
Water Valve Pressure Drop
453
Water Valve Sizing Examples
453
Steam Valves
455
Quantity of Steam
455
Proportional Applications
457
Steam Valve Pressure Drop
457
Steam Valve Sizing Examples
457
Two-Position Applications
457
Damper Selection and Sizing
461
Definitions
463
Introduction
463
Damper Selection
464
Damper Types
464
Low Leakage Dampers
464
Parallel and Opposed Blade Dampers
464
Round Dampers
464
Fire Dampers
466
Smoke Dampers
466
Baffles
467
Multiple Section Dampers
467
Typical Damper Construction
468
Performance Data
468
Leakage Ratings
468
Damper Selection and Sizing
469
Pressure Ratings
470
Temperature Ratings
470
Torque Requirements
470
UL Classification (Fire/Smoke)
470
Velocity Ratings
470
Application Environment
470
Velocity
470
Corrosion
471
Nuclear/Seismic Applications
471
Static Pressure
471
Temperature
471
Turbulence
471
Actuators and Linkages
471
Normally Open/Normally Closed
471
Actuator Mounting Alternatives
472
Multiple Actuators
472
Positive Positioners
472
Actuator Selection
473
Jackshafts
473
Damper Sizing
473
System Characteristics
473
Damper Characteristics
474
Inherent Characteristic
474
Installed Characteristic
474
Determining Damper Size
475
Other Damper Sizing Considerations
477
Modulating Control
477
Two-Position Control
477
Oversized Damper Characteristics
477
Control System Sensitivity
477
Damper Performance
477
Damper Pressure Drop
478
Mixed Air Control
479
Damper Applications
479
Face and Bypass Control
480
Throttling Control
480
General Engineering Data
481
Weather Data
482
Degree Days
482
Heating Data
483
Cooling Data
484
Introduction
482
Conversion Formulas and Tables
485
General
485
Metric Prefixes
485
Pressure
485
Weight/Mass
486
Area
486
Length
486
Volume
487
Mass Per Unit Volume of Water
487
Specific Heat
487
Temperature
487
General Engineering Data
488
Heat Transfer
489
Flow
489
Velocity
489
Power
490
Work/Energy
490
Enthalpy
491
Force
491
Torque
491
Density
491
Electrical Data
492
Electrical Distribution Systems
492
General
492
Single-Phase System
492
Three-Phase Delta System
493
Three-Phase Four-Wire Wye System
493
Three-Phase Three-Wire Wye System
493
Electrical Conductors
494
Conduit Size and Fill
495
Electric Motors
495
Voltage Conversion
497
Properties of Saturated Steam Data
498
Airflow Data
499
Fan Ratings
499
Velocity Pressure
500
Moisture Content of Air Data
501
Moisture in Compressed Air
501
Relative Humidity
503
4
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Honeywell AUTOMATIC CONTROL Specifications
General
Brand
Honeywell
Model
AUTOMATIC CONTROL
Category
Controller
Language
English
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