EQUATION1718 V1 EN-US (Equation 234)
Where:
V is the minimum phase-to-phase voltage in kV
S is the maximum apparent power in MVA.
The load impedance [Ω/phase] is a function of the minimum operation voltage and the
maximum load current:
EQUATION1719 V1 EN-US (Equation 235)
Minimum voltage V
min
and maximum current I
max
are related to the same operating
conditions. Minimum load impedance occurs normally under emergency conditions.
As a safety margin is required to avoid load encroachment under three-
phase conditions and to guarantee correct healthy phase IED operation
under combined heavy three-phase load and ground faults, consider
both: phase-to-phase and phase-to-ground fault operating
characteristics.
To avoid load encroachment for the phase-to-ground measuring elements, the set
resistive reach of any distance protection zone must be less than 80% of the minimum
load impedance.
EQUATION1720 V1 EN-US (Equation 236)
This equation is applicable only when the loop characteristic angle for the single
phase-to-ground faults is more than three times as large as the maximum expected
load-impedance angle. For the case when the loop characteristic angle is less than three
times the load-impedance angle, more accurate calculations are necessary according to
equation 237.
1MRK 504 163-UUS A Section 8
Impedance protection
Transformer protection RET670 2.2 ANSI 343
Application manual
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