9-22 D30 LINE DISTANCE PROTECTION SYSTEM – INSTRUCTION MANUAL
FAULT LOCATOR CHAPTER 9: THEORY OF OPERATION
9
9.5 Fault locator
9.5.1 Fault type determination
Fault type determination is required for calculation of fault location. The algorithm uses the angle between the negative
and positive sequence components of the relay currents. To improve accuracy and speed of operation, the fault
components of the currents are used; that is, the pre-fault phasors are subtracted from the measured current phasors. In
addition to the angle relationships, certain extra checks are performed on magnitudes of the negative and zero-sequence
currents.
The single-ended fault location method assumes that the fault components of the currents supplied from the local (A) and
remote (B) systems are in phase. The figure shows an equivalent system for fault location.
Figure 9-9: Equivalent system for fault location
The following equations hold true for this equivalent system.
Eq. 9-10
where
m = sought pu distance to fault
Z = positive sequence impedance of the line
I
F
= fault current flowing through the fault point
The fault network during a fault can be decomposed into a pre-fault and a pure-fault network. Therefore, the fault current
I
F
is calculated as follows by using the current division rule in the pure-fault network.
Eq. 9-11
where
d is the current distribution factor, which is a complex value
Substituting the second equation into the first equation and multiplying both sides by the complex conjugate of IAF,
Eq. 9-12
where
* denotes complex conjugate
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