10-20 L90 LINE CURRENT DIFFERENTIAL SYSTEM – INSTRUCTION MANUAL
DISTANCE ELEMENTS CHAPTER 10: THEORY OF OPERATION
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Figure 10-8: Settings impact on restraint characteristic
10.3 Distance elements
10.3.1 Introduction
The distance elements use memory voltage for polarization. Additional supervising functions — different for ground and
phase distance zones — complement a classical mho characteristic to enhance directional integrity and reach accuracy.
Note the following:
• To avoid overreaching during resistive faults under heavy pre-fault load conditions, the ground distance elements
utilize a load-adaptive (zero-sequence polarized) reactance characteristic to supervise the base mho characteristic
• Both negative and zero-sequence currents are compared with the memory voltage to enhance directional integrity of
the ground distance elements
• It is well-known that ground distance elements, as per the principle of distance relaying, can have limited accuracy
during double-line-to-ground faults. In order to prevent maloperation in such cases, the ground elements are blocked
by an extra “fault-type comparator” that utilizes the phase angle between the negative- and zero-sequence currents.
• The phase distance elements use reactance and memory polarized directional characteristics to supervise the mho
characteristic
• Both ground and phase distance elements have the current supervision functions built-in
The quadrilateral distance characteristic uses the reactance, directional, and current supervising functions as described.
Right and left blinders adjustable as to both the resistive and angular positions complete the characteristic.
See the Distance Characteristics section for more information regarding the distance characteristics. The Distance
Elements Analysis section includes an example of analysis of the steady-state operation of the distance elements.
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