GENERAL INFORMATION
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Washers
The two basic types of washers are flat washers and lock washers. Flat washers are simple discs
with a hole to fit a screw or bolt. Lock washers are used to prevent a fastener from working loose.
Washers can be used as spacers and seals. Or can help distribute fastener load and prevent the
fastener from damaging the component
As with fasteners. When replacing washers make sure the replacement washers are of the same
design and quality
Cotter Pins
A cotter pin is a split metal pin inserted into a hole or slot to prevent a fastener from loosening. In
certain applications, such as the rear axle on an UTV or motorcycle, the fastener must be secured in
this way. For these applications. A cotter pin and castellated (slotted) nut is used.
To use a cotter pin, first make sure the diameter is correct for the hole in the fastener. Aster
correctly tightening the fastener and aligning the holes, insert the cotter pin through the hole and bend
the ends over the fastener, Unless instructed to do so, never loosen a tightened fastener to align the
holes. If the holes do not align. Tighten the fastener enough to achieve alignment
Cotter pins are available in various diameters and lengths. Measure the length from the bottom of
the head to the tip of the shortest pin
Snap Rings and E-clips
Snap rings (Figure 1) are circular-shaped metal
retaining clips. They secure parts in place on parts
such as shafts. External type snap rings are used to
retain items on shafts. Internal type snap rings
secure parts within housing bores. In some
applications. in addition to securing the
component(s). snap rings of varying thicknesses
also determine endplay. These are usually called
selective snap rings.
The two basic types of snap rings are machined
and stamped snap rings. Machined snap rings
(Figure 2) can be installed in either direction.
Because both faces have sharp edges. Stamped
snap rings (Figure 3) are manufactured with a
sharp and a round edge. When installing a stamped
snap ring in a thrust application, install the sharp
edge facing away from the part producing the thrust.
E-clips are used when it is not practical to use a
snap ring. Remove E-clips with a flat blade
screwdriver by prying between the shaft and E-clip. To install an E-clip. Center it over the shaft groove
and push or tap it into place
Observe the following when installing snap rings:
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