8
designed
to
prevent a
fa
st
ener
from work
in
g loose
due to vibration. expansion and contraction. Fig-
lire
12
shows several types
of
washers. Washers
arc also used
in
the following functions:
a.
As
spacer
s.
b.
To
prevent
ga
ll
ing
or damage of
the
equipment
by
the
fa
stener.
c. To help distribute
fas
tener load during
torquing.
d.
As
nuid seals (copper or laminated washers).
Note that flat washers are often used between a
fastener to provide a smooth bearing surface. This
a
ll
ows the fastener to
be
turned easily with a tool.
Cotter Pins
COlter pins (
Figure
13
)
arc
used to secure special
kinds of
fas
teners. The threaded st
ud
must have a
hole
in
it; the
nut
or
nut
Jock
piece
has
castcllations
around whi
ch
the cotler pin end wrap
s.
Colter pins
sho
ul
d not be reused after removal as t
he
ends may
break and the
cOlier pin cou
ld
then
fa
ll
out.
Circlips
Circlips (or snap rings) can
be
intern
al
or
external design.
Th
ey
arc used to retain items on
shafts (external type)
or
within tubes
(i
nternal
type).
In
SQ
me app
li
cations. circJips
of
varying
thickness are used to
co
ntrol the end play
of
parts
assemblies.
Th
ese are often called selec
ti
ve
circlip
s.
Circlips should be replaced
du
ring
installation, as removal weakens and deforms
them.
Two basic types
of
circlips are available:
ma
chined and stamped circJips. Machined circJips
(
Figure
14
) can be insta
ll
ed in either direction
(s
ha
ft
or
housing) because both faces are
mac
hin
ed. thus creating two sharp edges. Stamped
circlips
(F
igure
15
) arc manu
fac
tured with one
sharp edge and one rounded edge. When installing
stamped circ
li
ps in a thrust situation (transmission
shafts. fork tubes. etc.). the sharp edge
mu
st face
away from the part produ
ci
ng
the thrust. When
in
sta
ll
ing circlips, obser
ve
the
fo
ll
owing:
a.
Co
mpress or expand the circlip o
nl
y enough
to install
or
remove them.
b. After the circlip
Is installe
d.
make sure
it
is
completely seated
in
its groove.
CHAPTER ONE
LUBRICANTS
Periodic
lu
brication assures long
li
fe
for any type
of equipment. The
l)'pe
of
lubricant used is
just
as important as the lubrication service itsel
f.
al-
though
in
an emergency the wrong type of lubrica
nt
is
bener
th
an none at all. The
fo
ll
ow
in
g paragraphs
describe the types
of
lubricants most often used
on motorcycle equipment. Be sure to follow the
motorcycle manufacturer's recommendations for
lubricant types.
@
LOCKWASHERS
Plain
Internal
looth
@
Folding
External
tooth
Correct
Inatallatlon
•
01
cotter
pin
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